Card, J. C. (1975), "Effectiveness of Double Bottoms in Preventing Oil Outflow from Tanker Double Bottoms", Marine Technology, January 1975.

Herbert Engineering (1995), "HECSALV Ship Salvage Engineering Software, Instruction Manual", Herbert Engineering Corp., February 3, 1995.

Hook, J. P. (1991), "The Inadequacies of the Current Approach to Minimizing Oil Outflow from Damaged Tankers-A Proposed Alternative", SNAME Transactions, Volume 99, 1991.

IMO (1996), "Interim Guidelines for the Approval of Alternative Methods of Design and Construction of Oil Tankers under Reg. 13F of Annex I of MARPOL 73/78", MARPOL 73/78 1994 and 1995 Amendments, International Maritime Organization, 1996.

IMO (1997), "Proposed MARPOL Annex I Regulation [19], Chapter III - Requirements for Minimizing Oil Pollution from Oil Tankers Due to Side and Bottom Damage", Working Group on Revision of the MARPOL Regulations I22 to 24, April 1997.

IMO (1995), "IMO Comparative Study on Oil Tanker Design," IMO paper MEPC 32/7/15, Annex 5, Distribution of Actual Penetrations and Damage Locations Along Ship’s Length for Collisions and Groundings.

NRC (1998), "Double-Hull Tanker Legislation: An Assessment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990", Prepared by NRC Marine Board Committee on Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (Section 4115) Implementation Review, National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 1998.

Ohtsubo, H., Astrup, O. C., Cazzulo, R., Kim, O. H., Luh, P. A., Spangenberg, S., Spencer, J. S., Sucharski, D. (1994), Report on the Committee e V.6 – Structural Design for Pollution Control. Proceedings of the 12^th International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress, St. Johns, Canada, 1994.

Paik, J. K., Yang, S.H. and Thayamballi, A. K. (1998), "Residual Strength Assessment of Ships after Collision and Grounding", Marine Technology, Vol. 35, Number 1, January 1998.

Sirkar, J., Ameer, P., Brown, A., Goss, P., Michel, K., Nicastro, F., Willis, W.(1997), " A Framework for Assessing the Environmental Performance of Tankers in Accidental Groundings and Collisions", SNAME Transactions (preprint), October 1997.

SNAME (1998), Presentations in the Workshop on Accidental Oil Outflow from Tankers, sponsored by SNAME’s Ad Hoc Panel on the Environmental Performance of Tankers, Washington D.C., January 15-16, 1998.

USCG (1997), "Oil Outflow Analysis of Double Hull Tankers", prepared by Herbert Engineering Corp. for U.S. Coast Guard, Contract No. DTCG23-95-D-HMT001, January 1997.

Concepts

J.F. McDermott, R.G. Kline, E.L. Jones, Jr., N.M. Mahiar, W.P. Chiang, "Tanker Structure Analysis for Minor Collisionns," Presented at Annual Meeting of SNAME in New York, Nov. 14-16, 1974.

Data and FEA Results

DNV (1993), "Oil Spills from Tankers in Collisions and Grounding, DAMAGE STATISTICS", DNV Report No. 93-0518.

Keith, Heid and Vann (1995), "Technical Support for Risk Analysis and Shipment of Plutonium by Sea", RECO, Inc., Annapolis, MD.

Kuroiwa, T. (1996), "Numerical Simulation of Actual Collision and Grounding Experiments", Proceedings of the Intl. Conference on Design and Methodologies for Collision and Grounding Protection of Ships, San Francisco, August 1996.

Lemmen P.P.M., Vredeveldt, A. W., Pinkster (1996), "Design Analysis for Grounding Experiments", Proceedings of the Intl. Conference on Design and Methodologies for Collision and Grounding Protection of Ships, San Francisco, August 1996.

Lenselink, H., and Thung, K.G., "Numerical Simulations of the Dutch-Japanese Full Scale Ship Collision Tests", Source Not Known.

Lloyd’s Register (1991), "Statistical Analysis of Classification Society Records for Oil Tanker Collisions and Groundings", STD Report No. 2078-3-0 (Draft), Lloyd’s Register, November 1991.

Ludolphy, J.W.L., Wevers, L.J., Vredeveldt, A.W. (1995), "Full Scale Ship Grounding Experiments with Modified Double Hull Structure", SAVIAC, November 1995.

Mizukami, M. and Tanigawa, M. (1995), "FEM Analysis of VLCC Bottom in Grounding", MARIENV ’95, Tokyo, Japan, 1995.

Nakamura, T. and Kuroiwa, T. (1995), "Experimental Study on Failure of Ship’s Side Structure", Proceedings of MARIENV’95, Tokyo, Japan, 1995.

Paik, J.K. and Lee, T.K. (1995), "Cutting Tests for a Stiffened Plate by a Wedge", MARIENV ‘95, Tokyo, Japan, 1995.

Rodd, J. L. (1996), "Observations on Conventional and Advanced Double Hull Grounding Experiments", Proceedings of the Intl. Conference on Design and Methodologies for Collision and Grounding Protection of Ships, San Francisco, August 1996.

Vaughan, H. (1978), "Bending and Tearing of Plate with Application to Ship-Bottom Damage", The Naval Architect, May 1978.

Vredeveldt, A.W. and Wevers, L.J. (1995), "Full Scale Collision Experiments", The First Joint Conference on Marine Safety and Environment/Ship Production, Delft University of Technology, Delft, June 1995.

Vredeveldt, A.W. and Wevers, L.J. (1995), "Full Scale Grounding Experiments", Proc. Of the Intl. Conference on Prediction Methodologies of Tanker Structural Failure and Consequential Oil Spill (ASIS), Tokyo, July 1995.

Vredeveldt, A.W., Wevers, L.J. (1992), "Full Scale Collision Experiments", Conference on Prediction Methodology of Tanker Structural Failure, Japanese Association for the Improvement of the Shipbuilding Industry, Tokyo, July 1992.

Wevers, L.J., J. van Vugt and A.W. Vredeveldt (1994), "Full scale six degree of freedom motion measurements of two colliding 80m long inland waterway tankers", pp. 923-930, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, Lisbon, June 18-22.
 
 

Models

Amdahl, J., Kavlie, D., Johansen, A. (1995), "Tanker Grounding Resistance", PRADS95, Korea, September 1995.

Bockenhauer, M. and Egge, E.D. (1995), "Assessment of the Collision Resistance of Ships for Classification Purposes", MARIENV’95, 1995.

Crake (1998), "Probabilistic Evaluation of Tank Ship Damage in Collision Events", Naval Engineer’s Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Chang, P. Y., Seibold, F., Thasanatorn, C. (1990), "A Rational Methodology for the Prediction of Structural Response Due to Collisions of Ships", SNAME Transactions, Volume 88, 1990.

Daidola, J. C. (1995), "Tanker Structure Behavior During Collision and Grounding", Marine Technology, Vol. 32, Number 1, January 1995.

Hutchison (1986), "Barge Collisions, Rammings and Groundings – An Engineering Assessment of the Potential for Damage to Radioactive Material Transport Casks," Contractor Report to Sandia National Laboritories, The Glosten Associates.

ISSC (1997), Report by Specialist Panel V.4 – Structural Design Against Collision and Grounding. Proceedings of the 13^th International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress 1997, Trondheim, Norway, 1997.

Kim, J. Y., Lee K. J., Kang J. M., Kim, D. H. and Xiang, S. (1995), "Behavior of Double Hull VLCCs in Collision", PRADS95, September 1995.

Kitamura, O. (1996), " Comparative Study on Collision Resistance of Side Structure", Proceedings of the Intl. Conference on Design and Methodologies for Collision and Grounding Protection of Ships, San Francisco, August 1996.

Kuroiwa, T. (1995), "Research on Structural Failure of Tankers Due to Collisions and Groundings, Proceedings of the Conference on Prediction Methodology of Tanker Structural Failure (ASIS), Tokyo, Japan, 1995.

Kuroiwa, T., Kawamoto, Y., Yuhara, T. (1992), "Study on Damage of Ship Bottom Structure due to Grounding", Presented at the First Joint Conference on Marine Safety and Environment/Ship Production, Delft University of Technology, Delft University of Technology, June 1992.

Little, P., Pippenger, D. and Simonsen, B.C. (1996), "Development of a Computational Model for Predicting Damage to Tankers", International Conference on Methodologies for Collision and Grounding Protection of Ships, San Francisco, August 1996.

McDermott, J. F., Kline R.G., Jones, Jr., E. L., Maniar, N. M., Chiang, W. P. (1974), "Tanker Structural Analysis for Minor Collisions", SNAME Transactions, 1974.

Minorsky, V.U. (1959), "An Analysis of Ship Collisions with Reference to Protection of Nuclear Power Plants", Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1959.

Ohtsubo, H., Wang, G. (1996), "Strength of Ships during Collision and Grounding", Proceedings of the Intl. Conference on Design and Methodologies for Collision and Grounding Protection of Ships, San Francisco, August 1996.

Ohtsubo and Wang (1995), "An Upper Bound Solution to the Problem of Plate Tearing", Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 1.

Pedersen, P. T. (1994), "Ship Grounding on Soft Bottoms", Joint MIT-Industry Program on Tanker Safety, Report No. 35, 1994.

Rawson (1998), "Probabilistic Evaluation of Tank Ship Damage in Grounding Events", Master of Science Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Reardon, P. and Sprung, J.L. (1996), "Validation of Minorsky’s Ship Collision Model and Use of the Model to Estimate the Probability of Damaging a Radioactive Material Transportation Cask During a Ship Collision", Proceedings of the Intl. Conference on Design and Methodologies for Collision and Grounding Protection of Ships, San Francisco, August 1996.

Simonsen B.C. and Wierzbicki T. (1997), "Theoretical Manual on Grounding Damage of Ships, Vol. III", Report No. 59, Joint MIT-Industry Program on Tanker Safety, June 1997.

Simonsen B.C. and Wierzbicki T. (1996), "Theoretical Manual on Grounding Damage of Hull Bottom Structure, Vol. II", Report No. 55, Joint MIT-Industry Program on Tanker Safety, 1996.

Simonsen, B.C. (1997), "Mechanics of Ship Grounding", PhD Thesis, Department of Naval Architecture and Offshore Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, February 1997.

Van Mater, Giannotti, Jones and Genalis (1979), "Critical Evaluation of Low-Energy Ship Collision-Damage Theories and Design Methodologies", Report SSC-284 of the Ship Structure Committee.

Wang, G., Ohtsubo, H. and Liu D. (1997), "Simple Method of Predicting the Grounding Strength of Ships", Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 41, No. 3, Sept. 1997.

Scenarios